Use of calcitonin and calcitonin-like peptides to treat and prevent multiple sclerosis

ABSTRACT

Methods for treating and preventing multiple sclerosis by administering to a patient an effective amount of calcitonin, calcitonin-like peptides or calcitonin mimetics to a patient. Additionally, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D analogs can be used in combination with the calcitonin, calcitonin-like peptides or calcitonin mimetics.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/583,267 filed Oct. 19, 2006, which is itself a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/235,244 filed Sep. 5, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,259,153 and a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/352,717 filed Feb. 13, 2006 now abandoned which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/652,831 filed Feb. 14, 2005, all of which are incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in their entirety.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

BACKGROUND

The invention relates generally to methods and compositions for treating and preventing multiple sclerosis, and more particularly to methods and compositions for treating and preventing multiple sclerosis by administration of synthetic calcitonin, calcitonin-like peptides or calcitonin mimetics to a patient.

Multiple Sclerosis

In multiple sclerosis (MS), inflammation of nervous tissue causes loss of myelin, a fatty material that acts as a protective insulation for nerve fibers in the brain and the spinal cord. This loss of myelin, or demyelination, leaves multiple areas of scar tissue, or sclerosis, along nerve cells. Consequently, the sclerosis results in multiple and varied neurological signs and symptoms, usually with repeated relapse and remission.

To date, treatment of MS has focused on the reduction of symptoms, which includes, but are not limited to, reduced or loss of vision, stumbling and uneven gait, slurred speech, as well as urinary frequency and incontinence. In addition, MS can cause mood changes and depression, muscle spasms and severe paralysis. The cause of MS is unknown, but an immunologic abnormality is suspected in causing the initial inflammation, with few clues presently indicating a specific mechanism (The Merck Manual, 16th Edition, 1993 Merck & Co.).

MS is more frequent at northern latitudes. Depending on the region in the Western world, the prevalence varies with 50-150 cases per 100,000 individuals. In the United States alone, some 250,000-350,000 individuals have an MS diagnosis. Females are twice as likely to develop MS when compared to males.

Current treatments for MS generally suppress the immune system. For example, one treatment includes transplantation of bone marrow along with administration of cytostatics and immunosupressive drugs. This treatment works for some patients, but it is expensive and includes several risks for patients. Additionally, the administration of cytostatics is considered controversial in treating MS because its effects are unclear and potential side-effects are severe.

Other treatments aim to cure or delay the MS disease. Among certain patients, interferon-beta (AVONEX™ and BETASERON™) reduces the symptoms of MS and is therefore administered to most patients for ethical reasons. Unfortunately, the mechanism of action of interferon-beta is unclear for these patients. Like suppressive treatments, interferon-beta is expensive. For other patients, glatiramer acetate (COPAXONE™) reduces the frequency of attacks; however, its side effects are substantial and problems occur in distinguishing the symptoms of MS from the side effects of glatiramer acetate.

The latest drug to be approved by the FDA for treatment for relapsing forms of MS is TYSABRI™ (NATALIZUMAB, formerly known as ANTEGREN). As noted above, most drugs for treating MS suppress the immune system. TYSABRI™, however, blocks immune cells from crossing into the central nervous system (CNS), thereby preventing damage to the nerves. One drawback of TYSABRI™ is its side effects, which include headache, fatigue, urinary tract infection, depression, lower respiratory tract infection, joint pain and abdominal discomfort. Another drawback with TYSABRI™ is that no long-term safety information is available.

Currently, an effective treatment for MS does not exist. Treatment is focused on merely reducing its symptoms. Tests with transplantation and different drug treatments to cure the disease have not demonstrated any solutions. Accordingly, a demand for drugs that can protect an MS patients from the severe development of the disease is therefore of high priority.

Calcitonin

In many instances, 1,25(OH)₂D₃ only completely prevents EAE at doses that are likely to cause hypercalcemia, which leads to increased circulating levels of calcitonin. Furthermore, hypercalcemia independent of 1,25(OH)₂D₃ can prevent EAE in female mice. Calcitonin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in several animal models of inflammatory disease. Finally, calcitonin has also shown promise in treating the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis.

Calcitonin is a thirty-two amino acid polypeptide hormone that participates in calcium and phosphorous metabolism. It is cleaved from a larger prohormone (approximately 15 kDa) and decreases serum calcium by inhibiting the reabsorption of calcium from bone and kidney. Calcitonin is synthesized in the parafollicular or C-cells in the thyroid gland in mammals, but it is also isolated from the ultimobrachial glands in birds, fish and amphibians.

A large number of diseases are associated with abnormally increased or decreased levels of calcitonin; however, pathologic effects of abnormal calcitonin secretion per se are not generally recognized. As such, calcitonin has several therapeutic uses. For one, it is used to treat hypercalcemia resulting from a number of causes. Additionally, calcitonin is a valuable therapy for Paget disease, which is a disorder in bone remodeling. Furthermore, it is a valuable aid in the management of certain types of osteoporosis.

Calcitonin has been obtained from several different species, including, but not limited to, bovine, eel, human, porcine, rat and salmon. In all of these species, the primary structure of calcitonin is similar, although some structural variations exist (see Table I). Of the thirty-two amino acids present in calcitonin, eight residues are conserved across all species. Additionally, calcitonins with amino acid sequences identical to the natural forms have been produced by chemical synthesis, as well as by recombinant technology.

TABLE I Amino Acid Sequences of Calcitonin in Representative Species. Species Amino Acid Sequence Bovine Cys-Ser-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Val-Leu-Ser- Ala-Tyr-Trp-Lys-Asp-Leu-Asn-Asn-Tyr-His- Arg-Phe-Ser-Gly-Met-Gly-Phe-Gly-Pro-Glu- Thr-Pro (SEQ ID NO: 1) Eel Cys-Ser-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Val-Leu-Gly- Lys-Leu-Ser-Gln-Glu-Leu-His-Lys-Leu-Gln- Thr-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Thr-Asp-Val-Gly-Ala-Gly- Thr-Pro (SEQ ID NO: 2) Human Cys-Gly-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Met-Leu-Gly- Thr-Tyr-Thr-Gln-Asp-Phe-Asn-Lys-Phe-His- Thr-Phe-Pro-Gln-Thr-Ala-Ile-Gly-Val-Gly- Ala-Pro (SEQ ID NO: 3) Porcine Cys-Ser-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Val-Leu-Ser- Ala-Tyr-Trp-Arg-Asn-Leu-Asn-Asn-Phe-His- Arg-Phe-Ser-Gly-Met-Gly-Phe-Gly-Pro-Glu- Thr-Pro (SEQ ID NO: 4) Rat Cys-Gly-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Met-Leu-Gly- Thr-Tyr-Thr-Gln-Asp-Leu-Asn-Lys-Phe-His- Thr-Phe-Pro-Gln-Thr-Ser-Ile-Gly-Val-Gly- Ala-Pro (SEQ ID NO: 5) Salmon Cys-Ser-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Val-Leu-Gly- Lys-Leu-Ser-Gln-Glu-Leu-His-Lys-Leu-Gln- Thr-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Thr-Asn-Thr-Gly-Ser-Gly- Thr-Pro (SEQ ID NO: 6)

Calcitonin has several important structural features. Salmon calcitonin, for example, has a disulphide bridge (cystine link) between the first and seventh amino acids at the amino end of the polypeptide chain. This disulphide bridge is essential for its biological activity as it causes the amino terminus to assume the shape of a ring. Additionally, salmon calcitonin has a prolinamide group at the carboxyl terminal amino acid. Alternative splicing of the calcitonin pre-mRNA can yield a mRNA encoding calcitonin gene-related peptide; this peptide appears to function in the nervous and vascular systems.

Interestingly, salmon calcitonin has been shown to be considerably more effective in arresting bone resorption than human forms of calcitonin. Several hypotheses have been offered to explain this observation and include the following: (1) salmon calcitonin is more resistant to degradation; (2) salmon calcitonin has a lower metabolic clearance rate (MCR); and (3) salmon calcitonin may have a slightly different conformation, resulting in a higher affinity for bone receptor sites.

Despite the advantages associated with the use of salmon calcitonin in humans, there are also disadvantages such as cost and limited method of administration (by injection). Additionally, resistance to calcitonin therapy may occur with long-term use. Furthermore, some patients develop antibodies to non-human calcitonin, calcitonin mimetics would be useful for such patients. Therefore, use of synthetic calcitonin, calcitonin-like peptides or calcitonin mimetics, either in place of native calcitonins or in rotation with native calcitonins, may help to avoid resistance to such treatment during long-term use.

Needed in the art of multiple sclerosis treatment is a method of effectively using calcitonin, possibly in combination with other multiple sclerosis treatments, as an effective therapeutic.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, the present invention is a method for decreasing multiple sclerosis symptoms comprising the steps of (a) selecting a multiple sclerosis patient or patient in danger of multiple sclerosis, and (b) administering an amount of calcitonin, calcitonin-like peptide or calcitonin mimetic to the patient, wherein the amount is sufficient to diminish multiple sclerosis symptoms. Preferably, the calcitonin is selected from the group consisting of human and salmon calcitonin and the patient is female.

In one embodiment, the method additionally comprising the step of administering an amount of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D analog effective to reduce multiple sclerosis symptoms.

Preferably, the vitamin D analog is a 1α, 25 vitamin D compound, preferably a 19-nor-vitamin D.

In another embodiment, the present invention is a pharmaceutical preparation comprising calcitonin, calcitonin-like-peptide or calcitonin mimetic combined with a 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D analog in an amount effective to relieve multiple sclerosis symptoms.

Other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent after review of the specification, claims and drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be better understood and features, aspects and advantages other than those set forth above will become apparent when consideration is given to the following detailed description thereof. Such detailed description makes reference to the following drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a set of graphs illustrating the effect of calcitonin on a murine model of MS, Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE). 25 hydroxyvitamin D₃-1α-hydroxylase knock out mice (1α-OH KO) were maintained on a purified diet containing 1 ng 1,25 (OH)₂D₃ for two to three weeks prior to EAE immunization. The graphs show the difference between mice who were and were not given 6 μg/kg sCT. FIG. 1A diagrams mean EAE score versus days post immunization. FIG. 1B diagrams serum calcium versus days post immunization.

FIG. 2 is a set of graphs corresponding to those in FIG. 1 except that the mice are male in the FIG. 2 graphs. FIG. 2A diagrams mean EAE score versus days post immunization. FIG. 2B diagrams serum calcium versus days post immunization.

FIG. 3 diagrams mean EAE score versus days post immunization to determine the effect of calcitonin on EAE in female mice.

FIGS. 4A and B is a set of graphs describing (FIG. 4A) mean EAE score versus days post immunization and (FIG. 4B) serum calcium versus days post immunization for mice treated with various levels of sCT.

FIG. 5 is a set of graphs showing (FIG. 5A) mean EAE score versus days post immunization and (FIG. 5B) serum calcium versus days post immunization for mice treated with different levels of 1,25 (OH)₂D₃ and calcitonin.

FIG. 6 is a graph describing the effect of 6 μg/kg calcitonin in female C57BL/6J mice.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED INVENTION

The present invention is the use of calcitonin, calcitonin-like peptides or calcitonin mimetics to treat and prevent MS symptoms. In some embodiments, one would combine vitamin D analogs, described below, with calcitonin for treatment and prevention of MS symptoms.

In general, the present invention envisions the selection of a MS patient or a patient who may be genetically or environmentally susceptible to MS and administration of a sufficient amount of calcitonin, a calcitonin-like peptide, or a calcitonin mimetic to that patient so that multiple sclerosis symptoms are diminished. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are now described.

By “multiple sclerosis” or “MS,” we mean an auto-immune disease of the CNS.

By “calcitonin,” we mean to include native and synthetic calcitonins. For example, MIACALCIN® is a synthetic salmon calcitonin that is currently used as an injectable therapeutic for Paget's disease and bone physiology therapeutics, such as for the treatment of hypercalcemia and for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis. MIACALCIN® would be a suitable type of calcitonin for use in the treatment and prevention of multiple sclerosis. Similarly, CALCIMAR® (Aventis Pharmaceutical Products, Inc.; Paris, France) is another injectable salmon calcitonin suitable for the present invention. CIBACALCIN™ (Novartis AG; Basel, Switzerland) is a synthetic human calcitonin suitable for the present invention. We mean to include calcitonin isolated from mammals, birds, fish, and amphibians or identical synthetic products.

By “calcitonin-like peptides,” we mean native or synthetic peptides or peptide derivatives (such as ELCATONIN™, which is a calcitonin derivative derived from eel calcitonin by changing the S—S bond into the stable C—N bond). Calcitonin-like peptides, as the term is used herein, have at least 70% sequence similarity (with 100% identity in the eight conserved amino acids), and preferably at least 95% sequence similarity to the human or animal (preferably, salmon) calcitonin peptides described above and exhibit 95% of the therapeutic activity that calcitonin exhibits as demonstrated in the Examples below.

It is also envisioned that other types of calcitonins (“calcitonin-like peptides”) may be applicable to the invention. These include: substituted salmon calcitonin (salcatonin) analogues (U.S. Pat. No. 6,107,277 assigned to Therapicon S.R.L.; Milan, Italy); hybrid calcitonin having a peptide segment from human calcitonin and a peptide segment from calcitonin derived from non-humans animals, such as eel, salmon and chicken. The hybrid calcitonin exhibits biological activities as strong as animal calcitonin without causing side effects in humans including nausea, disorders in the functions of the digestive tract or antigenicity (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,831,000 assigned to Chugai Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha; Tokyo, JP; and Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, JP).

By “calcitonin mimetic,” we mean native or synthetic compounds with the ability to mimic the effects generated by calcitonin's interaction with its receptor and, by such interaction, stimulate G-protein-mediated activation by adenylate cyclase. As a result, these compounds are useful in the treatment of diseases that are mediated by calcitonin. Included among the calcitonin mimetics of the present invention are piperazine derivatives in which each of the nitrogens in the piperazine ring are alkylated or acylated with substituted aryl groups (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,395,740; 5,698,521; 5,698,672 assigned to ZymoGenetics, Inc.; Seattle, Wash.).

Currently, calcitonins are mainly available in solution and are administered by intravenous infusion, by intramuscular injection, subcutaneously or intranasally. In order to maintain biological activity pharmaceutical preparations containing calcitonin is preferably stored at a temperature of 2° C. to 8° C. to slow down the extent of degradation. However, stable formulations oral calcitonin pharmaceutical compositions have recently been identified and may be suitable for use in the treatment of MS (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,352,974 assigned to Eurand International S.P.A.; Milan, IT).

We envision that dosages such as those given for commercially available calcitonin such as MIACALCIN® (Novartis AG; Basel, Switzerland) will be sufficient and suitable for the present invention. Similarly, it is envisioned that the dosage and treatment with calcitonin or calcitonin peptides will differ for different patients. It is noted that the number of doses a patient receives, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time a patience receives the medicine will generally depend on the severity of the MS symptoms.

It is envisioned that the quantity of pharmacologically active calcitonin in a unit dose will vary according to the potency of the calcitonin and the nature of the composition. However, in general, a unit dose of a composition intended for human use typically contains between 1 and 1000 International Units (I.U.) of a calcitonin. For human calcitonin, the dosage is between 100 to 1000 micrograms (μg). For salmon calcitonin a unit dose in general contains from 50 to 500 I.U., preferably 100 I.U. For ELCATONIN™ (Lipotech, S.A.; Buenos Aries, Argentina), a unit dose in general contains from 5 to 200 I.U. A unit dose adapted for colonic administration preferably contains from 40 to 800 I.U. of ELCATONIN™. The compositions will be administered to the patient in dosages that contain an amount of calcitonin effective to treat the disease in question.

For example, in a preferred embodiment, human calcitonin may be given to an adult patient in an injection dosage form starting at 500 μg injected under the skin once a day. This dosage level and the time between doses may be modified based on the physician's assessment of the disease progression.

In another embodiment, salmon calcitonin may be given to an adult patient in an injection dosage form starting at 100 I.U. injected into a muscle or under the skin once a day, once every other day, or three times a week. This dosage level and the time between doses may be modified based on the physician's assessment of the disease progression.

In yet another embodiment, a typical dosage regimen for ELCATONN™ is from 5 to 200 I.U. per day (or 40 to 800 I.U. for colonic administration) which may be administered in a single dose or in divided doses for example on consecutive or alternate days. We envision that multiple forms of administration, such as injection, oral administration, skin patches and nasal administration, would be effective.

The patient would then be examined to determine whether multiple sclerosis symptoms such as those described above are reduced. Although the symptoms can be extremely varied and erratic, they may include tingling, numbness, loss of balance, weakness, double vision, fatigue, incontinence, paralysis, memory and speech difficulties.

In one preferred form of the present invention, one would treat the patient with both calcitonin, as described above, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D analogs, for example, those analogs described for the treatment of multiple sclerosis in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/405,653 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,946, each of which is incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety. By the phrase “1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D analog” we specifically mean the compositions mentioned in paragraphs [00046] through [00050] in this application.

For example, one would wish to use the following 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D analogs:

In a particularly advantageous form of the reaction, the administered compound is either 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1,25-(OH)₂D₃), 19-nor-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₂ (19-nor-1,25-(OH)₂D₃), 24-homo-22-dehydro-22E-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (24-homo-22-dehydro-22E-1,25-(OH)₂D₃), 1,25-dihydroxy-24(E)-dehydro-24-homo-vitamin D₃ (1,25-(OH)₂-24-homo D₃), or 19-nor-1,25-dihydroxy-21-epi-vitamin D₃ (19-nor-1,25-(OH)₂-21-epi-D₃).

In another form of the present invention, the vitamin D compound has the formula

wherein X¹ and X² are each selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and acyl; wherein Y¹ and Y² can be H, or one can be O-aryl, O-alkyl, aryl, alkyl of 1-4 carbons, taken together to form an alkene having the structure of

where B₁ and B₂ can be selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl of 1-4 carbons and aryl, and can have a β or α configuration; Z¹═Z²═H or Z¹ and Z² together are ═CH₂; and wherein R is an alkyl, hydroxyalkyl or fluoroalkyl group, or R may represent the following side chain:

wherein (a) may have an S or R configuration, R¹ represents hydrogen, hydroxyl or O-acyl, R² and R³ are each selected from the group consisting of alkyl, hydroxyalkyl and fluoralkyl, or, when taken together represent the group —(CH₂)_(m)— wherein m is an integer having a value of from 2 to 5, R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, fluorine, O-acyl, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl and fluoralkyl, wherein if R⁵ is hydroxyl or fluoro, R⁴ must be hydrogen or alkyl, R5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, fluorine, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl and fluoroalkyl, or R⁴ and R⁵ taken together represent double-bonded oxygen, R6 and R7 taken together form a carbon-carbon double bond, R⁸ may be H or CH₃, and wherein n is an integer having a value of from 1 to 5, and wherein the carbon at any one of positions 20, 22, or 23 in the side chain may be replaced by an O, S, or N atom.

One would also preferably wish to use the compounds found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/997,698 (incorporated by reference), Vitamin D Analogs For Obesity Prevention and Treatment, which describes various useful 1α-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ and vitamin D₂ compounds along with particularly advantageous 19-nor compounds. By “19-nor compounds” we mean the general formulas presented in Ser. No. 10/997,698 and Appendix A.

Additionally, one would also use HECTOROL® (Bone Care International, Inc.; Madison, Wis.), which is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,195,027; 4,202,829; 4,260,549; 4,554,106; and 4,555,364, each of which is incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety. Furthermore, one would use compounds such as CALDEROL™ (Organon, Inc.; Roseland, N.J.) ONE-ALPHAT™ (Leo Pharmaceutical Products, LTD; Ballerup, Denmark), ALPHA D3™ (Teva Pharmaceuticals Industries, LTD; Petach Tikva, Israel), ONEALFA™ (Teijin Pharmaceuticals, LTD; Tokyo, Japan), ALFAROL™ (Chugia Pharmaceutical Co., LTD; Tokyo, Japan), ROCALTROL® (Hoffman-La Roche Pharmaceutical, Inc.; Nutley, N.J.), ZEMPLAR® (Abbott Laboratories; Abbott Park, Ill.), CALCIJEX® (Abbott Laboratories; Abbott Park, Ill.), DOVONEX® (Leo Pharmaceutical Products, LTD; Ballerup, Denmark) or TACALCITOL™ (Teijin Pharmaceuticals, LTD; Tokyo, Japan), all of which are drug forms of 1α-dihydroxyvitamin D₃. Likewise, Prosser D & Jones G, “Vitamin D analogs,” Curr. Med. Chem.—Imm., Endooc. & Metab. Agents 1:217-234 (2001), discloses useful vitamin D analogs. Finally, one would also use the compounds described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/405,653 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,946, each of which is incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety.

One may also wish to use fluorovitamin D compounds, such as those described in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,188,345; 4,196,133; 4,201,881; 4,224,230; 4,226,787; 4,226,788; 4,229,357; 4,229,358; 4,230,627; 4,248,791; 4,254,045; 4,263,214; 4,305,880; 4,307,025; 4,358,406; 4,441,833; 4,500,460; 4,502,991; 4,552,698; 4,564,474; 4,594,192; each of which is incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety.

We envision that the combination of calcitonin and vitamin D will be effective to reduce or eliminate MS symptoms. An advantage of combining both vitamin D and calcitonin would be improved effectiveness without danger of hypercalcemia. These two agents should be synergistic because they function by different mechanisms and at different sites.

One would preferably administer vitamin D in the following manner:

The vitamin D compound may be administered orally in pills, capsules, and liquids. Vitamin D compounds can also be administered by injection in a suitable solvent or carrier as is Calcijex, Hectorol or Zemplar. It may also be given by nasal or pulmonary routes. A medication may also be envisioned whereby calcitonin and vitamin D compounds are provided in the same formulation, as for example in a solvent suitable for nasal application or by inhalation as an aerosol.

Most preferably, one would dose the animal with the vitamin D compound at the concentrations described in the citations above and below (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,946, incorporated by reference).

The above compounds exhibit a desired, and highly advantageous, pattern of biological activity. Generally, the amount of vitamin D analog administered to the subject ranges from about 0.01 μg to about 100 mg per day and in some embodiments ranges from about 0.1 μg to about 1000 μg per day. In some such embodiments, the analogs are present in a pharmaceutical formulation or medicament that includes a carrier. In some such embodiments, the amount of compound administered to the subject ranges from about 0.01 μg to about 100 mg per day and in other embodiments ranges from about 0.1 μg to about 1000 μg per day and in other embodiments ranges from 0.1 μg to about 50 μg per day. In some compositions, the amount of the vitamin D analog in the composition ranges from about 0.01 μg/gram to about 1000 μg/gram, and in some such embodiments the amount of analog in the composition ranges from about 0.1 μg/gram to about 50 μg/gram. It will be understood that the dosage will be based on numerous factors set forth herein and on the specific activity of the given compound.

In another embodiment, the present invention is a composition comprising both calcitonin and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D analog. This medication would preferably be at a dosage described above for calcitonin and vitamin D analogs at or below that described in the citation above and is preferably in a formulation suitable for IV, nasal or aerosol administration. One may wish to add pharmaceutical carriers known to those of skill in the art.

These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood from the description that follows. In the description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof and in which there is shown by way of illustration, not limitation, embodiments of the invention. The description of preferred embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives. Reference should therefore be made to the claims herein for interpreting the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1

To determine the effect of calcitonin on the murine model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃-1α-hydroxylase knockout mice (1α-OH KO) were maintained on a purified diet containing 0.87% calcium and 1 ng 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ (Vit D) for two to three weeks prior to EAE immunization. EAE was induced at six to ten weeks of age by subcutaneous immunization of 200 μg of the immunodominant peptide to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoproprotein (MOG₃₅₋₅₅).

The peptide was synthesized at University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center using standard 9-fluorenyl-methoxy-carbonyl chemistry. The peptide was dissolved in Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA; Sigma; St. Louis, Mo.) containing 4 mg/ml of heat-inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis H837a (Difco Laboratories; Detroit, Mich.).

Mice were injected with 200 ng of Bordetella pertussis toxin (List Biological Laboratories, Campbell, Calif.) on the day of immunization and 48 hours later. The mice were examined daily for clinical signs of EAE utilizing the following scoring system: 0, no sign; 1, limp tail; 2, hindlimb weakness; 3, hindlimb paralysis; 4, forelimb paralysis; 5, moribund or death.

Salmon calcitonin (sCT; Bachem California; Torrence, Calif.) was dissolved to a concentration of 1 mg/ml in a vehicle containing 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM HCl, and 2% heat inactivated sera. The serum used was from 1α-OH KO mice matched by sex to the group of mice receiving the treatment. SCT was chronically administered using Alzet osmotic minipumps model 1002 (Durect Corp.; Cupertino, Calif.) calibrated to deliver 0.25 μl/hour over a 15 day period.

Ten days after immunization, mice were weighed and the pumps were filled with either vehicle or sCT diluted to deliver 6 μg/kg of body weight per day to each mouse. The pumps were surgically placed subcutaneously in the upper back of mice anesthetized with 2% isofluorane. At the end of the study, successful delivery of the sCT was assessed by two methods. First, the fluid volume remaining in the pump reservoirs was measured. Second, the remaining sCT was pooled and intraperitoneally injected into 1α-knockout mice that were not included in the initial study. Serum calcium measurements were taken six hours after injection to determine if sCT maintained its bioactivity throughout the study. Blood samples were collected at multiple time-points throughout the study to monitor changes in serum calcium levels. Blood was obtained by the orbital bleed method. Approximately 150 μl was collected per mouse.

Collected blood samples were centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 15 minutes; followed by another 60-second spin at 14000 rpm. Serum samples were diluted in 0.1% LaCl₃ and serum calcium values were measured using a Perkin Elmer atomic absorption spectrometer.

Statistical analysis was performed using the two-tailed Fisher exact probability test on incidence rates and the unpaired Student's t-test on all other measurements. Values of P<0.05 were considered statistically significant.

The results of the experiment in female 1α-OH KO mice are described in FIG. 1A-1B, as well as Table 2. The results of the experiment in 1α-OH KO male mice are described in FIG. 2A-2B, as well as Table 3. As shown in FIG. 1A, serum calcium levels of female 1α-OH KO mice were generally unaffected by administration of 6 μg/kg of calcitonin. However, as shown in FIG. 1B and Table 2, sCT delayed and diminished the EAE score in female 1α-OH KO mice treated with calcitonin compared to mice treated with vehicle alone.

As shown in FIG. 2A, serum calcium levels of male 1α-OH KO mice were also unaffected by administration of 6 μg/kg of calcitonin. Similarly, FIG. 2B and Table 3, show that sCT lowered the EAE score in male 1α-OH KO mice treated with calcitonin compared to mice treated with vehicle alone. The male 1α-OH KO mice treated with calcitonin produced a similar, but lesser, reduction in the EAE score than female 1α-OH KO mice treated with calcitonin.

This Example demonstrates the effectiveness of sCT delivery with use of a minipump. We envision that optimization of calcitonin delivery will result in improved reduction of multiple sclerosis symptoms.

TABLE 2 Incidence and Onset of Disease in Female 1α-KO Maintained on 0.87% Calcium + 1 ng Vitamin D Diet. Vehicle sCT Incidence 5/6 sick 3/7 sick % Sick 83.3 42.9 Mean Onset Day 32 ± 3  41 ± 11 P = 0.297 Severity 2.6 ± 0.9 1.3 ± 0.6 P = 0.051

TABLE 3 Incidence and Onset of Disease in Male 1α-KO Maintained on 0.87% Calcium + 1 ng Vitamin D Diet. Vehicle sCT Incidence 4/8 sick 2/7 sick % Sick 50.0 28.6 Mean Onset Day 19 ± 5  30 ± 8  P = 0.201 Severity 2.1 ± 0.6 2.5 ± 0.7 P = 0.145

Example 2

To determine the effect of calcitonin on EAE in mice, female mice were maintained as described above. The strain of mouse used in this experiment was C57BL6 which was obtained from Harlan Labs and therefore should be designated C57BL6h. The only difference from the experiment above is that these mice were fed a regular chow diet (Formulab Chow 5008, PMI Labdiet).

EAE was induced as described above. Mice were injected with 200 ng of B. pertussis toxin on the day of immunization and 48 hours later.

sCT was prepared as described above. One week after immunization, mice were weighed and the pumps were filled with vehicle, 6 μg/kg of sCT per day of body weight to each mouse. The pumps were surgically placed subcutaneously in the upper back of mice anesthetized with 2% isofluorane. At the end of the study, successful delivery of the sCT was assessed by two methods. First, the fluid volume remaining in the pump reservoirs was measured. Second, the remaining sCT was pooled and intraperitoneally injected into mice that were not included in the initial study. Serum calcium measurements were taken six hours after injection to determine if sCT maintained its bioactivity throughout the study.

Mice were examined daily, for over two weeks, for clinical signs of EAE utilizing the following scoring system described above.

Blood samples were collected at multiple time-points and prepared and analyzed as described above. Likewise, statistical analysis was performed as noted above.

The results of the experiments in female B6h mice are described in FIG. 3, as well as and Table 4. As shown in FIG. 3, sCT delayed and diminished the EAE score in female C57BL6h mice treated with calcitonin compared to mice treated with vehicle alone.

TABLE 4 Incidence and Onset of Disease in Female Mice Maintained on 0.87% Calcium + 1 ng Vitamin D Diet. Vehicle SCT Incidence 5/8 sick 2/8 sick % Sick 62.3 25.0 Mean Onset Day 16 ± 1  14 ± 1  Severity 2.2 ± 1.0 2.0 ± 0.7

Example 3

To determine the effect of calcitonin on EAE in C57BL/6J mice (C57BL6 mice from Jackson Labs), female mice were maintained on a standard chow diet prior to and following EAE immunization. The C57BL6J strain was chosen primarily because it is one of the few strains susceptible to MOG-induced EAE, and also because the 1α-KO has been backcrossed into the C57BL6J strain. The diet was changed primarily because the mice being used were wild-type and no longer required the supplemented 1,25(OH)₂D₃ that the 1α-KO mice do. Additionally, we have typically seen higher incidence rates when animals are maintained on a regular chow diet versus the purified diet.

EAE was induced as described above. Mice were injected with 200 ng of B. pertussis toxin on the day of immunization and 48 hours later.

sCT was prepared as described above. One week after immunization, mice were weighed and the pumps were filled with vehicle, 6 μg/kg of sCT per day of body weight or 60 μg/kg of sCT per day of body weight to each mouse. The pumps were surgically placed subcutaneously in the upper back of mice anesthetized with 2% isofluorane. At the end of the study, successful delivery of the sCT was assessed by two methods. First, the fluid volume remaining in the pump reservoirs was measured. Second, the remaining sCT was pooled and intraperitoneally injected into C57BL/6J mice that were not included in the initial study. Serum calcium measurements were taken six hours after injection to determine if sCT maintained its bioactivity throughout the study.

Mice were examined daily, for over two weeks, for clinical signs of EAE utilizing the following scoring system as described above.

Blood samples were collected at multiple time-points and prepared and analyzed as described above. Likewise, statistical analysis was as performed as noted above.

The results of the experiments in female C57BL/6J mice are described in FIG. 4A-4B, as well as Table 5. As shown in FIG. 4A, serum calcium levels of female C57BL/6J mice were initially lowered by administration of 6 μg/kg of calcitonin or 60 μg/kg of calcitonin. However, as shown in FIG. 4B and Table 5, sCT delayed and diminished the EAE score in female C57BL6J mice administered 60 μg/kg of calcitonin compared to mice treated with vehicle alone.

Summary

TABLE 5 Incidence and Onset of Disease in Female C57BL/6J Mice Maintained on Standard Chow Diet. Vehicle 6 μg/kg sCT 60 μg/kg sCT Incidence 9/12 sick 9/11 sick 6/9 sick % Sick 75.0 82.0 67.0 Mean Onset Day 13 ± 3  14 ± 3  16 ± 2  Severity 4.2 ± 1.0 3.8 ± 0.6 3.5 ± 1.3

Example 4

To determine the effect of calcitonin and Vit D on EAE in C57BL/6J mice, female C57BL/6J mice were maintained on standard chow until eight weeks of age, and then switched to a purified diet containing 0.87% calcium supplemented with 1 ng or 30 ng of 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ for one week prior to EAE immunization.

EAE was induced as described above. Mice were injected with 200 ng of B. pertussis toxin on the day of immunization and 48 hours later.

sCT was prepared as described above. One week after immunization, mice were weighed and the pumps were filled with vehicle or 30 μg/kg per day of sCT of body weight to each mouse. The pumps were surgically placed subcutaneously in the upper back of mice anesthetized with 2% isofluorane. At the end of the study, successful delivery of the sCT was assessed by two methods. First, the fluid volume remaining in the pump reservoirs was measured. Second, the remaining sCT was pooled and intraperitoneally injected into C57BL/6J mice that were not included in the initial study. Serum calcium measurements were taken six hours after injection to determine if sCT maintained its bioactivity throughout the study.

Mice were examined daily, for over two weeks, for clinical signs of EAE utilizing the following scoring system as described above.

Blood samples were collected at multiple time-points and prepared and analyzed as described above. Likewise, statistical analysis was performed as noted above.

The results of the experiments in female C57BL/6J mice are described in FIG. 5A-5B and the accompanying Table 6. As shown in FIG. 5A, serum calcium levels of female C57BL/6J mice were elevated by administration of 30 ng Vit D (regardless of whether sCT was provided) compared to female C57BL/6J mice administered 1 ng Vit D (regardless of whether sCT was provided). However, as shown in FIG. 5B and Table 6, sCT and 30 ng Vit D delayed and diminished the EAE score in female C57BL6J mice compared to mice treated with 1 ng Vit D alone. The 1 ng 1,25+sCT group shows decreased incidence, severity, and onset compared to the 1 ng 1,25 group and equal to the 30 ng 1,25+sCT group but without the hypercalcemia.

Summary

TABLE 6 Incidence and Onset of Disease in Female C57BL/6J Maintained on 0.87% Calcium and Different Concentrations of Vitamin D Diet. 1 ng 1 ng Vit D + 30 ng 30 ng Vit D + Vit D 30 μg/kg sCT Vit D 30 μg/kg sCT Incidence 6/9 sick 1/4 sick 0/8 sick 1/4 sick % Sick 67.0 25.0 0.0 25.0 Mean Onset Day 15 ± 2  21 — 20 Severity 2.9 ± 0.9 2.0 — 2.0

Example 5

To determine the effect of calcitonin in C57BL/6J mice on EAE prior to immunization, female mice were maintained on a standard chow diet prior to and following EAE immunization.

EAE was induced as described above. Mice were injected with 200 ng of B. pertussis toxin on the day of immunization and 48 hours later.

sCT was prepared as described above. However, two days prior to immunization, mice were weighed and the pumps were filled with vehicle or 6 μg/kg per day of sCT of body weight to each mouse. The pumps were surgically placed subcutaneously in the upper back of mice anesthetized with 2% isofluorane. At the end of the study, successful delivery of the sCT was assessed by two methods. First, the fluid volume remaining in the pump reservoirs was measured. Second, the remaining sCT was pooled and intraperitoneally injected into C57BL/6J mice that were not included in the initial study. Serum calcium measurements were taken six hours after injection to determine if sCT maintained its bioactivity throughout the study.

Mice were examined daily, for over two weeks, for clinical signs of EAE utilizing the scoring system described above.

Blood samples were collected at multiple time-points and prepared and analyzed as described above. Likewise, statistical analysis was performed as noted above.

The results of the experiments in female C57BL/6J mice are described in FIG. 6, as well as Table 7. As shown in FIG. 6, sCT delayed and diminished the EAE score in female C57BL6J mice administered 6 μg/kg of calcitonin compared to mice treated with vehicle alone.

TABLE 7 Incidence and Onset of Disease in Female C57Bl/6J Mice Standard Chow Diet. Vehicle SCT Incidence 17/18 sick 19/20 sick % Sick 94.4 95.0 Mean Onset Day 13 ± 5  15 ± 2  Severity 3.6 ± 1.0 2.9 ± 1.1

The invention has been described in connection with what are presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments. However, the present invention has been presented by way of illustration and is not intended to be limited to the disclosed embodiments. Accordingly, those skilled in the art will realize that the invention is intended to encompass all modifications and alternative arrangements within the spirit and scope of the invention as set for by the appended claims.

APPENDIX A

In one aspect, the invention provides methods for preventing and treating multiple sclerosis with a combination of calcitonin and a vitamin D analog in which at least one analog of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₂ or a pharmaceutical composition that includes such an analog is administered in an effective amount to a subject, such as a multiple sclerosis subject, in need thereof. In some embodiments, the analog is a 19-nor vitamin D compound. In some such embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog is modified at the 2 position. In some such embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog is a 2-alkylidene 19-nor vitamin D analog such as a 2-methylene 19-nor vitamin D analog. In some embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog is a (20S) 19-nor vitamin D analog such as a (20S) 2-methylene 19-nor vitamin D analog whereas in other embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog is a (20R) 19-nor vitamin D analog such as a (20R) 2-methylene 19-nor vitamin D analog. In some embodiments, the analog is a compound other than (20S)-2-methylene-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (2-MD). In some embodiments, the analog is a 2-alkyl 19-nor vitamin D analog. In some such embodiments, the analog is a 2α-alkyl 19-nor vitamin D analog such as a 2α-methyl 19-nor vitamin D analog. In other embodiments, the analog is an 18,19-dinor vitamin D analog. In some such embodiments, the analog is a 2-alkylidene 18,19-dinor vitamin D analog such as a 2-methylene 18,19-dinor vitamin D analog. In other embodiments, the analog is a 2-alkyl 18,19-dinor vitamin D analog. In some such embodiments, the analog is a 2α-alkyl 18,19-dinor vitamin D analog such as a 2α-methyl 18,19-nor vitamin D analog.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods for treating multiple sclerosis in which at least one analog of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ or 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₂ or a pharmaceutical composition that includes such an analog is administered in an effective amount to a subject, such as a multiple sclerosis subject, in need thereof. In some embodiments, the at least one analog is a 19-nor vitamin D compound. In some such embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog is modified at the 2 position. In some such embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog is a 2-alkylidene 19-nor vitamin D analog such as a 2-methylene 19-nor vitamin D analog. In some embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog is a (20S) 19-nor vitamin D analog such as a (20S) 2-methylene 19-nor vitamin D analog whereas in other embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog is a (20R) 19-nor vitamin D analog such as a (20R) 2-methylene 19-nor vitamin D analog. In some embodiments, the analog is a compound other than (20S)-2-methylene-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (2-MD). In some embodiments, the analog is a 2-alkyl 19-nor vitamin D analog. In some such embodiments, the analog is a 2α-alkyl 19-nor vitamin D analog such as a 2α-methyl 19-nor vitamin D analog. In other embodiments, the analog is an 18,19-dinor vitamin D analog. In some such embodiments, the analog is a 2-alkylidene 18,19-dinor vitamin D analog such as a 2-methylene 18,19-dinor vitamin D analog. In other embodiments, the analog is a 2-alkyl 18,19-dinor vitamin D analog. In some such embodiments, the analog is a 2α-alkyl 18,19-dinor vitamin D analog such as a 2α-methyl 18,19-nor vitamin D analog.

In some embodiments, the animal subject is a mammal. In some such embodiments, the mammal is selected from a rodent, a primate, a bovine, an equine, a canine, a feline, an ursine, a porcine, a rabbit, or a guinea pig. In some such embodiments, the mammal is a rat or is a mouse. In some embodiments, the animal subject is a primate such as, in some embodiments, a human.

In some embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog administered to the subject or used to prepare a pharmaceutical formulation is a compound of formula IA or IB, or is a mixture thereof. In some such embodiments, the analog is a compound of formula IA. In other embodiments, the vitamin D analog is a compound of formula IB.

In compounds of formula IA and IB, R¹ is selected from H, or straight or branched chain alkyl groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain alkenyl groups having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain □ydroxyl-substituted alkyl groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or straight and branched chain □ydroxyl-substituted alkenyl groups having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms. In some such embodiments, R¹ is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl groups having from 2 to 7 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain alkenyl groups having from 2 to 7 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain □ydroxyl-substituted alkyl groups having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain □ydroxyl-substituted alkenyl groups having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. In other such embodiments, R¹ is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl groups having from 2 to 7 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain alkenyl groups having from 2 to 7 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain □ydroxyl-substituted alkenyl groups having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms.

In compounds of formula IA and IB, R² and R³ are independently selected from H, straight or branched chain alkyl groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain alkenyl groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms or R² and R³ join together to form a group of formula IC

where the wavy line indicates the point of attachment to the carbon at the 2 position of the vitamin D analog and R⁴ and R⁵ are independently selected from H, straight or branched chain alkyl groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain hydroxyalkyl groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain hydroxyalkenyl groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain protected hydroxyalkyl groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain fluoroalkyl groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain alkenyl groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the analog is a compound of formula IA or IB and R³ is H. In some such embodiments, R² is a straight chain alkyl group such as methyl, ethyl, or propyl. In other embodiments, R² and R³ join together to form a group of formula IC in which R⁴ and R⁵ are both H. Examples of some such compounds include compounds of formula IIA and IIB.

In some embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog administered to the subject or used to prepare a pharmaceutical formulation is a compound of formula IIA or IIB, or is a mixture thereof. In some such embodiments, the vitamin D analog is a compound of formula IIA. In other embodiments, the vitamin D analog is a compound of formula IIB.

In compounds of formula IIA and IIB, R¹ has the same values as set forth above with respect to compounds of formula IA and IB. Thus, R¹ is selected from H, or straight or branched chain alkyl groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain alkenyl groups having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain □ydroxyl-substituted alkyl groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain □ydroxyl-substituted alkenyl groups having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms. In some such embodiments, R¹ is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl groups having from 2 to 7 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain alkenyl groups having from 2 to 7 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain □ydroxyl-substituted alkyl groups having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain □ydroxyl-substituted alkenyl groups having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. In other such embodiments, R¹ is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl groups having from 2 to 7 carbon atoms, straight or branched chain alkenyl groups having from 2 to 7 carbon atoms, or straight or branched chain □ydroxyl-substituted alkenyl groups having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of formula IIA or IIB other than (20S)-2-methylene-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (2-MD) or a compound of formula IIC.

In some embodiments, the compound of formula IA, IB, IIA, or IIB is a compound of formula IA, IB, IIA, or IIB where R¹ is selected from one of the following groups where the wavy line over a straight bond indicates the point of attachment to the rest of the molecule and a wavy line originating at a carbon indicates that both or either of the S or R configurations is contemplated at that position.

For the alkenyl groups shown above, it will be understood that with respect to the structures shown above, both the cis and trans (Z and E) isomers and mixtures thereof are contemplated.

In some embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog administered to the subject or used to prepare a pharmaceutical formulation is a compound of formula IIC where R¹ is a □ydroxyl-substituted branched chain alkyl group having 6 carbon atoms (a —CH₂CH₂CH₂C(CH₃)₂OH group), and the compound has the name (20S)-2-methylene-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (2-MD).

In some embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog administered to the subject or used to prepare a pharmaceutical formulation is a compound of formula IID where R¹ is a branched chain alkyl group having 7 carbon atoms (a —CH₂CH₂CH₂C(CH₃)₃ group), and the compound has the name (20S)-1α-hydroxy-2-methylene-19-nor-25-methylvitamin D₃ (TMM).

In some embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog administered to the subject or used to prepare a pharmaceutical formulation is a compound of formula IIE where R¹ is a straight chain alkyl group having 2 carbon atoms (a —CH₂CH₃ group), and the compound has the name (20S)-1α-hydroxy-2-methylene-19-nor-bishomopregnacalciferol (2-MbisP).

In some embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog administered to the subject or used to prepare a pharmaceutical formulation is a compound of formula IIF where R¹ is a straight chain alkyl group having 1 carbon atom (a —CH₃ group), and the compound has the name 1α-hydroxy-2-methylene-19-nor-homopregnacalciferol (2-MP).

In some embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog administered to the subject or used to prepare a pharmaceutical formulation is a compound of formula IIG where R¹ is a straight chain alkyl group having 2 carbon atoms (a —CH₂CH₃ group), and the compound has the name (20R)-1α-hydroxy-2-methylene-19-nor-bishomopregnacalciferol ((20R)₂ MbisP).

In some embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog administered to the subject or used to prepare a pharmaceutical formulation is a compound of formula IIH where R¹ is a H, and the compound has the name 2-methylene-19-nor-1α-hydroxy-pregnacalciferol (2-Mpregna).

In some embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog administered to the subject or used to prepare a pharmaceutical formulation is a compound of formula IIJ where R¹ is a straight chain alkyl group having 2 carbon atoms (a —CH₂CH₃ group), R² is a methyl group, and R³ is H, and the compound has the name 2α-methyl-19-nor-(20S)-1α-hydroxy-bishomopregnacalciferol ((20S)₂αMbisP).

In some embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog administered to the subject or used to prepare a pharmaceutical formulation is a compound of formula IIK where R¹ is a straight chain alkyl group having 1 carbon atoms (a —CH₃ group), R² is a methyl group, and R³ is H, and the compound has the name 2α-methyl-19-nor-1α-hydroxy-homopregnacalciferol (2α-methyl MP).

In some embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog administered to the subject or used to prepare a pharmaceutical formulation is a compound of formula IIL where R¹ is a straight chain alkyl group having 3 carbon atoms (a —CH₂CH₂CH₃ group), and the compound has the name 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α-hydroxy-trishomopregnacalciferol (2MtrisP).

In some embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog administered to the subject or used to prepare a pharmaceutical formulation is a compound of formula IIM where R¹ is a straight chain alkyl group having 4 carbon atoms (a —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ group), and the compound has the name 2-methylene-19,26,27-trinor-(20S)-1α-hydroxyvitamin D₃ ((20S)OM).

In some embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog administered to the subject or used to prepare a pharmaceutical formulation is a compound of formula IIN where R¹ is a straight chain alkyl group having 4 carbon atoms (a —CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃ group), R² is a methyl group, R³ is H, and the compound has the name 2α-methyl-19,26,27-trinor-(20S)-1α-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (2α-methyl-19,26,27-trinor).

In some embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog administered to the subject or used to prepare a pharmaceutical formulation is a compound of formula IIO where R¹ is a □ydroxyl-substituted branched chain alkyl group having 6 carbon atoms (a —CH₂CH₂CH₂C(CH₃)₂OH group), R² and R³ are a group of formula IC, R⁴ is H, R⁵ is a hydroxypropyl group, and the compound has the name 2-(3′-hydroxypropylidene)-19-nor-(20S)-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1AGS).

In some embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog administered to the subject or used to prepare a pharmaceutical formulation is a compound of formula IIP where R¹ is a □ydroxyl-substituted branched chain alkyl group having 6 carbon atoms (a —CH₂CH₂CH₂C(CH₃)₂OH group), R² and R³ are a group of formula IC, R¹ is H, R⁵ is a hydroxypropyl group, and the compound has the name 2-(3′-hydroxypropylidene)-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1AGR).

In some embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog administered to the subject or used to prepare a pharmaceutical formulation is a compound of formula IIQ where R¹ is a □ydroxyl-substituted branched chain alkyl group having 6 carbon atoms (a —CH₂CH₂CH₂C(CH₃)₂OH group), R² and R³ are a group of formula IC, R⁴ is H, R⁵ is a —CH₂CH₂OCH₂OCH₃ group (a protected hydroxyalkyl group), and the compound has the name 2-[(3′-methoxymethoxy)-propylidene]-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (F-Wit).

In some embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog administered to the subject or used to prepare a pharmaceutical formulation is a 19,21-dinor vitamin D₃ analog or is a 19,21-dinor vitamin D₂ analog having the name 2-methylene-19,21-dinor-1α-hydroxybishomopregnacalciferol (19,21-dinor) and having the formula IIR.

In some embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog administered to the subject or used to prepare a pharmaceutical formulation is a 19-nor 17-ene vitamin D₃ analog or is a 19-nor 17-ene vitamin D₂ analog having the name 2-methylene-19-nor-1α-hydroxy-17-ene-homopregnacalciferol (Vitamin I or VIT-I) and having the formula IIS.

In some embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog administered to the subject or used to prepare a pharmaceutical formulation is an 18,19-dinor vitamin D₃ analog or is an 18,19-dinor vitamin D₂ analog. In some such embodiments, the compound has the name 2-methylene-18,19-dinor-(20S)-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (VD-03) and has the formula IIT. In other such embodiments, the compound has the name 2-methylene-18,19-dinor-1α-hydroxyhomopregnacalciferol (18,19-dinor-2MP) and has the formula IIU.

In some embodiments, the compound administered to the subject or used to prepare a pharmaceutical formulation is a 19-nor vitamin D₂ analog. In some such embodiments, the compound has the name 2-methylene-19-nor-24-epi-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₂ ((24epi)D₂) and has the formula IIV. In other such embodiments, the compound has the name 19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₂ (1α,25(OH)₂(19nor)D₂ or Zemplar) and has the formula IIW.

In various embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog is administered orally, parenterally, transdermally, or topically. In some such embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog is administered orally. In other embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog is administered by injection or via suppository. In other embodiments, the 19-nor vitamin D analog is administered intravaginally.

The above compounds exhibit a desired, and highly advantageous, pattern of biological activity. Generally, the amount of vitamin D analog administered to the subject ranges from about 0.001 μg to about 100 mg per day and in some embodiments ranges from about 0.1 μg to about 1000 μg per day. In some such embodiments, the analogs are present in a pharmaceutical formulation or medicament that includes a carrier. In some such embodiments, the amount of compound administered to the subject ranges from about 0.001 μg to about 100 mg per day and in other embodiments ranges from about 0.1 μg to about 1000 μg per day and in other embodiments ranges from 0.1 μg to about 50 μg per day. In some compositions, the amount of the vitamin D analog in the composition ranges from about 0.01 μg/gram to about 1000 μg/gram, and in some such embodiments the amount of analog in the composition ranges from about 0.1 μg/gram to about 50 μg/gram. It will be understood that the dosage will be based on numerous factors set forth herein and on the specific activity of the given compound. 

1. A method for treating multiple sclerosis symptoms comprising the steps of (a) selecting a multiple sclerosis patient in need thereof, and (b) administering an amount of salmon calcitonin to the patient, wherein the amount is sufficient to treat said multiple sclerosis symptoms.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the patient is female.
 3. The method of claim 1 additionally comprising the step of administering an amount of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D analog effective to reduce multiple sclerosis symptoms.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the amount of salmon calcitonin is between 100-1000 μg/day.
 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the patient is treated with an injection of 500 μg (±10) of salmon calcitonin.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the salmon calcitonin is in dosage form and the dose of salmon calcitonin is 5-200 IU per day.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the salmon calcitonin is in dosage form and the dose is administered via colonic administration and the dose is 40-800 IU per day.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the diminished symptoms are selected from the group consisting of tingling, numbness, loss of balance, weakness, double vision, fatigue, incontinence, paralysis, memory and speech difficulties.
 9. The method of claim 3 wherein the vitamin D analog is selected from the group of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1,25-(OH)₂D₃), 19-nor-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₂ (19-nor-1,25-(OH)₂D₃), 24-homo-22-dehydro-22E-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (24-homo-22-dehydro-22E-1,25-(OH)₂D₃), 1,25-dihydroxy-24(E)-dehydro-24-homo-vitamin D₃ (1,25-(OH)₂-24-homo D₃), and 19-nor-1,25-dihydroxy-21-epi-vitamin D₃ (19-nor-1,25-(OH)₂-21-epi-D₃).
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the salmon calcitonin is administered intravenously.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the salmon calcitonin is administered by a route selected from the group consisting of oral, intravenous, colonic, nasal, and aerosol administration. 